Science Curriculum Preview Committee Clarification of Learning Results

Revised 06/29/04

9-12

H6: Describe the relationship between matter and energy and how matter releases energy through the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.

Curriculum Organizing Questions

  • Under what types of conditions would you expect to find nuclear fission and fusion occurring?
  • How are matter and energy related?
  • How do fission and fusion compare?
Elaboration

The description does not need to be quantitative. The basic ideas are outlined below. Conversions between mass and energy require putting the laws of conservation of mass and the law of conservation of energy together.

Specific Ideas

  • Energy is released whenever the nuclei of very heavy atoms, such as uranium or plutonium, split into middleweight ones, or when very light nuclei, such as those of hydrogen and helium, combine into heavier ones. The energy released in each nuclear reaction is very much greater than the energy given off in each chemical reaction.Benchmarks 4E6.
  • The special theory of relativity is best known for stating that any form of energy has mass, and that matter itself is a form of energy. The famous relativity equation, E-mc^2, holds that the transformation of even a tiny amount of matter will release an enormous amount of other forms of energy, in that the c in the equation stands for the immense speed of light.Benchmarks 10C3.
  • The forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together are much stronger than the electromagnetic force. That is why such great amounts of energy are released from the nuclear reactions in the sun and other stars.NSES B1c.
  • Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into smaller pieces.NSES B1c.
  • Fusion is the joining of two nuclei at high temperature and pressure.NSES B1c.
  • Star energy is produced through fusion.NSES B1c.
Developmental & Instructional Implications

Again, the description does not need to be quantitative.

Examples

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